ओसामाको हत्याले ओबामाको भाग्य चम्किने !

(मणि शर्मा) दश वर्षेखि जुन मृत्युलाई पछ्याइरहेको थियो अमेरिका, अन्ततः दश वर्षछि त्यो मृत्युलाई साकार तुल्याउन ऊ सफल भयो। अमेरिकाले आŠनो प्रमुख शत्रु तथा आतंकवादी नम्बर एकमा अलकायदा र त्यसको सुप्रिमो ओसामा बिन लादेनलाई राखेको थियो। अमेरिकाले ओसामाको नाम आŠनो मृत्यु दर्ता रजिस्टरमा पञ्जीकृत गराइसकेको थियो।


विश्वमा आतंकवाद र तानाशाहीको जन्मदाता अमेरिका हो र मृत्युदाता पनि उही हो। जबसम्म तानाशाह र आतंकवादीहरु उसको निर्देशनमा काम गर्छन् तबसम्म उनीहरु अमेरिकाको लागि न त आतंकवादी नै हुन्छन् न त तानाशाह । तर जब उनीहरु उसको कठपुतली बनी रहन चाहन्नन् तब मात्र उनीहरु आतंकवादी र तानाशाहको विशेषणबाट विभूषित हुने गर्दछन्।

(( अमेरिकी नौसेनाको टुकडीले पाकिस्तानमा पसेर ओसामाको हत्या गरेपछि भारतले त्यसबाट प्रेरणा पाएको छ। त्यसैले होला भारतका स्थलसेनाध्यक्षले पाकिस्तानमा पसेर हाम्रा सेना आतंकवादीलाई ओसामाजस्तै मार्न सक्षम छौं भनेर घुमाउरो पाराले पाकिस्तानलाई धम्की दिइसके।
आज उसले आतंकवादी मार्ने वा समात्ने निहुँमा पाकिस्तानमा आक्रमण गरे भोलि नेपालमा पनि आतंकवादी लुकेर बसेका छन् वा नेपालबाट भारतको सुरक्षा व्यवस्थालाई खतरा छ भनेर आक्रमण नगर्ला भन्नु छैन। यसरी अमेरिकी दादागिरीको सिको सिकेर शक्तिसम्पन्न मुलुकले कमजोर र गरिब मुलुकहरुमाथि जुनसुकै बेला आक्रमण गर्न सक्नेछन्। साम्राज्यवादी र विस्तारवादी मुलुकहरुको दादागिरीको रोकथामको लागि राष्ट्रसंघले सोच्ने हो कि ?
))

ओसामाको हत्या दर्दनाक तरिकाले गरेको अमेरिकाले स्वीकारिसकेको छ। क्रूरतापर्ूवक ओसामाको हत्या गरिएकै कारण हत्याको भिडियो टेप अमेरिकाले र्सार्वजनिक नगर्ने घोषणा गरेको छ। जब कि त्यही अमेरिका हो जसले सद्दाम हुसैनलाई दिइएको फँँसीको प्रत्यक्ष प्रसारण गरेको थियो। ओसामालाई अमेरिकाले त्यो भन्दा पनि भयानक र दर्दनाक मृत्यु दिएको हुनर्ुपर्छ। उसैको शब्दमा ओसामा निःशस्त्र थिए। मध्यरात्रिमा कालरात्रि बनेर उसको हत्याराहरु आउनेछन् भनेर ओसामाले कल्पनासमेत गरेका थिएनन्। त्यो क्रूर हत्या अभियान सम्बन्धमा अमेरिकाको थरीथरी बयान छ।

४० मिनेटभित्रै अमेरिकी नौसेनाको टुकडीले ओसामाको काम तमाम गरेको भनिँदै छ। कहीं कतै मुठभेड भएन। ओसामाको हत्या गर्न सेना मात्र होइन सैन्य तालिम प्राप्त कुकुरहरु पनि गएका थिए। आवाजविहीन हेलिकोप्टरबाट तिनीहरु ओसामाको घरको छानामा ओर्लेका थिए। पछिल्लो अमेरिकी भनाइमा ओसामाको एक जना अंगरक्षकसँग सेनाको मुठभेड भएकोे थियो जसमा ऊ मारिन्छ। निःशस्त्र ओसामाको हत्या गर्न ४० मिनेट अवश्य पनि लागेको होइन होला। शायद त्यहाँ ओसामालाई क्रूर यातना दिएको हुनाले समय त्यति बढी लागेको हुन सक्छ।

ओसामालाई क्रूरतापूवक हत्या गरेकै कारण होला संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघले उसको हत्याको भिडियो टेप हर्ेन खोजेका होला। जस्तोसुकै अपराधी वा आतंकवादीलाई पनि क्रूरतापर्ूवक मार्न पाइँदैन। अमेरिकी सेनाको भनाइमा सीआईएले नै ओसामा लुगा लगाएको अवस्थामा भए हत्या गर्न र नांगै भए ज्यूँदै समात्न भनेको थियो। ओसामालाई ज्यूँदो समातेको भए अमेरिकालाई नै सबै भन्दा बढी फाइदा हुने थियो र उसलाई कानूनीरुपमा हत्या गर्न सक्ने थियो। ओसामाबाट अमेरिकाले धेरै जानकारी लिन सक्ने थियो। अमेरिकालाई यति थाहा हुँदाहुँदै पनि उसले हत्या किन गर्यो - शायद ट्वीन टावरको पीडालाई सम्झेर अमेरिकी सेना भावनामा बगेको हुन सक्छ। तर एउटा व्यक्तिको मृत्युले आतंकवादको अन्त्य हुन सक्दैन।

अमेरिकाको भनाइ पनि विरोधाभाषपर्ूण्ा छ। शुरुमा उसले भन्यो ओसामाको कोठामा फोन, नेट, कम्प्युटर केही थिएन। पछि भन्छ, उसको कोठाबाट कम्प्युटर भेटिएको छ, जसमा ओसामाको भाबी योजनाहरु भेटिएका छन्। अचम्मको कुरा ¦

विश्व आतंकवादका नाइके ओसामाको घरमा घातक हतियारहरु नहुनु, उनको सुरक्षाको कुनै व्यवस्था नहुनु। विगत छ वर्षेखि के उनी पाकिस्तानको एब्बोटाबादमा आत्मबन्दी जीवन बिताइरहेका थिए - यसबाट के पुष्टि हुन्छ भने ओसामा पछिल्ला दिनमा नामका मात्रै अलकायदाको सुप्रिमो रहेछन्, अलकायदाका कार्यकारी सुप्रिमो अरु नै छन्। यसको अर्थ अल कायदाको आतंकवादको अन्त्य अझै भएको रहेनछ। ओसामाको हत्याले अलकायदा र त्यससँंग सम्बन्धित संगठनहरुलाई आगोमा घ्यू थप्ने काम भएको छ। अमेरिका र युरोपियन मुलुकहरुमा झन् खतराको घण्टी बजिसकेको छ। अलकायदाले लन्डनमा मुर्म्बईको भन्दा पनि भयंकर ठूलो आक्रमण गर्ने धम्की दिइसकेको छ।

झन् ओसामाको हत्याको टेप र्सार्वजनिक नगर्ने भनेपछि ओसामाको हत्या कति क्रूरतापर्ूवक गरिएको रहेछ भन्ने प्रमाणित हुन्छ।

जस्तोसुकै अपराधी वा आतंककारीलाई क्रूरतापर्ूवक मार्नु हुँदैन। हैन भने एउटा सभ्य समाज र आतंककारीमा के अन्तर हुन्छ - झन् ओसामा त निःशस्त्र र एक्लै थिए। त्यसमा पनि उनको मृतदेहलाई समुन्द्रमा फालिदिनु कुन मानवोचित व्यवहार हो - क्रूरतापर्ूवक निःशस्त्र ओसामाको हत्या गरिएको भिडियो टेप राष्ट्रसंघले मागेर एउटा प्रशंसनीय काम गरेको छ। अब हर्ेर्नुछ अमेरिकाले त्यो टेप राष्ट्रसंघलाई दिन्छ वा त्यहाँ पनि फेरि आŠनै दादागिरी देखाउँछ ?

बूढी मरी भन्ने पीर होइन यहाँ काल पस्यो भन्ने पीर छ। कुनै पनि अर्को मुलुकमा आतंकवादको नाममा होस् वा अन्य कुनै कारणले सैन्य कार्यवाही गर्दा सम्बन्धित मुलुकको अनुमति लिनुुपर्छ।
तर ओसामाको हत्याको अपरेशनमा अमेरिकाले पाकिस्तान सरकारको अनुमति लिएन। यो अमेरिकाको दादागिरी हो वा साम्राज्यवादी नीति - यसअघि पनि पटक-पटक उसले आतंकवादको अन्त्य गर्ने नाममा पाकिस्तान र अफगानिस्तानमा आक्रमण गर्दा हज्जारौं र्सवसाधारण निर्दोष नागरिकहरुको हत्या गरिसकेको छ। यसलाई अमेरिकी आतंकवाद भन्ने कि नभन्ने - अन्य मुलुकका नागरिकहरुको हत्या गर्ने अधिकार उसलाई कसले दियो - अझ ऊ आफूलाई लोकतन्त्र र मानवअधिकारको मसीहा ठान्दछ।

यसअघि उसले इराकमा हज्जारौं निर्दोष इराकी नागरिकहरुको हत्या गरिसकेको छ। उसले सद्दाम हुसैनसँग इराकमा आणविक हतियारको खानी नै छ भन्ने निहुँमा आक्रमण गरेको थियो। इरानमा अझै पनि अमेरिकी सेनाको उपस्थिति छ। तर ख्वै - इराकलाई ध्वस्त पार्दै सद्दाम हुसैनलाई फँसीमा चढाउँदा पनि उसले आणविक हतियारको खानी त के निशानीसमेत पाएन।

तेलका व्यापारी, रक्त पिपासु जर्ज डब्लु बुश, महेश भट्टको शब्दमा भन्नुपर्दा बुच्चरको व्यक्तिगत स्वार्थले इराकलाई ध्वस्त पारेर छाड्यो। कर्र्णोल मुअम्मर गद्दाफीलाई पनि अमेरिकाले शुरुदेखि नै शत्रु ठान्दै आएको छ। किनकि गद्दाफीले अमेरिकाको अगाडि आत्मर्समर्पण गरेनन्। उसको हत्याको प्रयास अमेरिकाले गरेकै हो । यसमा शंका छैन, ऊ तानाशाह हो। उसविरुद्ध लिबियाई जनताले व्रि्रोह गरी रहेका छन्। गद्दाफी सत्तामा टिकिरहन आŠनो जनताको कत्लेआम गरी रहेको छ। यही निहुँमा अमेरिकालगायत नेटो मुलुकहरुले लिबियामाथि आक्रमण गरिरहेका छन्। तिनीहरुको आक्रमणबाट र्सवसाधारण जनता पनि मारिएकै छन्।

लिबियाई जनताको मायाले तिनीहरुले लिबियामाथि आक्रमण गरेका होइनन्। अमेरिकाले त्यहाँ आŠनो कठपुतली सरकार बनाउन चाहन्छ। आŠनो मुलुकमा परिवर्तन ल्याउन त्यही मुलुकको जनता सक्षम हुन्छन्। विदेशीको नैतिक र्समर्थन र सहानुभूति मात्र चाहिन्छ, हस्तक्षेप होइन। कुनै पनि निहुँमा कसैको मुलुकमा आक्रमण गर्न पाइन्छ र - अमेरिकाको देखासिकी अरु क्षेत्रीय शक्ति राष्ट्रहरुले आŠनो छिमेकमा अमेरिकी नीति लागु गरे विश्वमा शान्ति स्थापना हुन सक्छ वा विश्व विनाशतिर जान्छ -
अमेरिकी नौसेनाको टुकडीले पाकिस्तानमा पसेर ओसामाको हत्या गरेपछि भारतले त्यसबाट प्रेरणा पाएको छ। त्यसैले होला भारतका स्थलसेनाध्यक्षले पाकिस्तानमा पसेर हाम्रा सेना आतंकवादीलाई ओसामाजस्तै मार्न सक्षम छौं भनेर घुमाउरो पाराले पाकिस्तानलाई धम्की दिइसके।

आज उसले आतंकवादी मार्ने वा समात्ने निहुँमा पाकिस्तानमा आक्रमण गरे भोलि नेपालमा पनि आतंकवादी लुकेर बसेका छन् वा नेपालबाट भारतको सुरक्षा व्यवस्थालाई खतरा छ भनेर आक्रमण नगर्ला भन्नु छैन। यसरी अमेरिकी दादागिरीको सिको सिकेर शक्तिसम्पन्न मुलुकले कमजोर र गरिब मुलुकहरुमाथि जुनसुकै बेला आक्रमण गर्न सक्नेछन्। साम्राज्यवादी र विस्तारवादी मुलुकहरुको दादागिरीको रोकथामको लागि राष्ट्रसंघले सोच्ने हो कि -

आतंकवादलाई जरैदेखि नष्ट गरिनर्ुपर्छ। तर आतंकवादलाई जन्म दिने काम पनि गर्नु हुँदैन। अमेरिकाले आतंकवादलाई जन्म नदिएको भए र तानाशाहहरुलाई प्रश्रय नदिएको भए विश्वमा आज न ओसामाहरु जन्मिने थिए न सद्दामहरु। दुष्ट सन्तानलाई जन्माएपछि उसको दुष्टयाइँको फल पनि भोग्नुपर्ने हुन्छ।

ओसामा बिन लादेनको हत्याले बाराक हुसैन ओबामालाई फाइदा पक्कै भएको छ। हिजो सद्दामको हत्याले बुशलाई फाइदा भएको थियो। आŠनो व्यक्तिगत फाइदाको लागि अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपतिहरु युद्ध र आतंकलाई बलजŠती थोपर्ने गर्दछन्। चुनावताका ओबामाले जे जे वाचाबन्धन गरेका थिए ती पूरा गर्न सकेका छैनन्। उनको लोकप्रियता ओरालो लागेको अवस्था थियो।
ओसामाको हत्याले उनको भाग्य उदाएको छ। ओसामाको हत्याले उनको दोस्रो कार्यकाल सुनिश्चितप्रायः गरेको छ। अमेरिकी जनताले पनि यस्तै राष्ट्रपतिहरुलाई आŠनो हिरो ठान्ने गर्दछन्।
तर ओसामाको हत्या हुँदैमा आतंकवादको हत्या भएको छैन। ओबामाका लागि आउने दिनहरु शान्तिको हुने छैनन्। अलकायदा ज्यूँदै छ।

ओसामाको हत्याको बदला उसले अवश्य लिनेछ।
अमेरिकाका सहयोगी राष्ट्रहरु पनि आतंकको छायाँमा बस्नुपर्ने स्थिति आउनेछ। ओसामालाई जन्माउने अमेरिका आज उसकै संगठनको कारण त्रसित छ । आतंकवाद मानव जातिकै शत्रु हो। यसको अन्त्य हुनै पर्छ। विश्वबाट सबै खाले आतंकवादको अन्त्य हुनै पर्छ। चाहे त्यो लोकतन्त्रको निहुँमा होस् वा चाहे आतंकवादको निहुँमा।

तोकिएको समयमा संविधान नबने के गर्ने ?

(वीरेन्द्रप्रसाद यादव) संविधान निर्माण र शान्ति प्रक्रियाको निष्कर्षाको निम्ति गठित संविधानसभाको दुइवर्षो म्याद सकिएपछि एक वर्षम्याद थपियो। थप म्याद पनि बित्न दुइ हप्ता मात्र बाँकी छ तर शान्ति र संविधान पूरा हुने रत्तिभर सम्भावना छैन। बरु थप जटिलता बढ्ने सम्भावना छ।

तोकिएको समयमा शान्ति र संविधान पूरा नहुने भएपछि मुलुकसामु दुइ वटा विकल्प मात्र देखा परेका छन्। पहिलो विकल्प- म्याद नथपी संविधानसभा विघटन गर्ने र अर्को विकल्प- केही समय म्याद थपी संविधानसभालाई फेरि जीवित राख्ने। यद्यपि उपरोक्त दुवै विकल्प जोखिमरहित छैनन्। एउटा बढी जोखिमयुक्त छ भने अर्को कम जोखिमयुक्त छ। दुवै विकल्पमा नोक्सानी रहेकोले सबै भन्दा कम नोक्सानी कुन विकल्पमा छ विचार गरेर रोज्नु नै बुद्धिमत्तापूर्ण् हुनेछ।

जेठ १४ आउन दुइ हप्ता मात्र बाँकी रहँदाको बखतमा सरकार बनाउने वा गिराउने, एक अर्कालाई दोषारोपण गर्ने, आरोप-प्रत्यारोप गर्ने, एकले अर्कालाई विभाजन गर्ने, कमजोर पार्ने वा सखाप गर्ने रणनीतिमा दलका नेताहरू नलागी कम नोक्सानी हुने विकल्पको बारेमा बहस, छलफल, व्याख्या, विश्लेषण तथा अन्तरक्रिया गर्न सक्नुपर्छ। जनतालाई विकल्पतर्फराजी गर्ने प्रक्रियामा लाग्नु पर्छ। यद्यपि दुवैमध्ये कुनै विकल्पलाई रोज्न जनता अनुमति दिने अवस्थामा छैनन्। जनताले नेताहरूलाई अक्षम र असफल भनेर झापड मात्र दिएका छैनन् कुनै पनि हालतमा जेठ १४ भित्रै शान्ति र संविधान निर्माणको कार्य पूरा गर्न दबाब दिँदै छन्।

नेताहरूप्रति जनताको अविश्वास र आक्रोश बढ्दै छ। आमजनताद्वारा सभासद्हरू जहाँ भेटिए त्यहीँ झापड दिनुले यही कुराको पुष्टि गर्छ। यसले सत्ता र भत्ताको चक्कर छोडी जनताको विश्वास र भरोसा जित्न साझा पहलकदमी गर्नुपर्ने टडकारो आवश्यकता देखिएको छ । म्याद थप्नु समस्या होइन जनताको अविश्वास बढ्नु प्रमुख समस्या हो। थपिएको समयमा पनि संविधान बन्ने ठोस आधार देख्न नसक्नु मूल समस्या हो।

उपरोक्त दर्ुइ विकल्पमध्ये कम नोक्सानी हुने विकल्प कुन हो त - भन्ने तर्फविचार गर्दा संविधानसभालाई संविधान नबन्दै अन्त्य गर्नुभन्दा सभाको केही समय बर्ढाई यो अन्तिम थप म्यादभित्र कुनै पनि हालतमा शान्ति र संविधान निर्माणको कार्य पूरा गर्ने आमजनतासमक्ष प्रण गर्नु नै कम नोक्सानी हुने विकल्पको रूपमा लिन सकिन्छ। किनभने संविधान नबन्दै संविधानसभा विघटन गर्नुले एक त संवैधानिक शून्यताको स्थिति आउँछ, जसले अशान्ति, अराजकता, अस्थितरता, दण्डहीनता तथा सशस्त्र द्वन्द्व बढ्नुका साथै विदेशी हस्थक्षेप पनि बढ्ने सम्भावना रहन सक्छ । अधूरोमा संविधानसभा विघटन भयो भने ठूला दल एमाओवादीको १२वर्षो जनयुद्ध औचित्यहीन साबित हुनुका साथै २००४ सालदेखि नै उठेको संविधानसभाको माग सधंैको निम्ति समाप्त हुन सक्छ।

कुनै शक्तिले संविधानसभाको निर्वाचनको जिकिर लिन सक्दैन होला। नयाँ जनादेशमा जाँदा पनि संविधानसभाको चुनाव हुने वा संसद्को चुनाव हुने संवैधानिक स्पष्टता छैन। चुनाव भयो भने संसदीय चुनाव नै होला। तत्पश्चात् नेपालमा संविधानसभाबाट संविधान बन्ने सम्भावना रत्तिभर पनि रहँदैन। संविधानसभा विघटन हुनुको अर्थ हो अन्तरिम संविधान समाप्त हुनु।

अन्तरिम संविधान समाप्त भयो भने २०४७ को संविधान क्रियाशील हुन समय लाग्दैन, जसले गणतन्त्रमाथि प्रथम प्रहार हुन्छ। संघीयता र शोषित उत्पीडित वर्ग क्षेत्र र समुदायले पाएको थोरबहुत अधिकार खोसिन जानेछ जसले विभिन्न किसिमका द्वन्द्व, व्रि्रँेह तथा आन्दोलनको शुरूआत हुन्छ। तर्राई-मधेशको अवस्था झन् नाजुक हुन पुग्नेछ। तर्राईमा असुरक्षा, अशान्ति, दण्डहीनता, विधिको शासनको अभाव त हुन्छ नै मुलुकको अखण्डतामा पनि असर पर्दैन भन्न गाह्रो हुनेछ ।

माओवादी लडाकूको व्यवस्थापन र हतियारको सञ्चितीकरण नभएकोले ती शक्तिको पनि दुरुपयोग हुने मात्र होइन सशस्त्र द्वन्द्वको पनि शुरुआत हुन सक्छ। मानव अधिकारको अवस्था नाजुक हुने अवस्था सिर्जना भएर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संघ-संगठन र ठूला शक्ति राष्ट्रहरूले हस्तक्षेपको बहाना पाउन सक्छन्। आŠनो आन्तरिक सुरक्षामा प्रभाव पर्यो भनेर दुवै छिमेकी मुलुकको चलखेल बढ्ने पनि सम्भावना हुन्छ। दलहरूप्रति आमजनताको वितृष्णा त बढ्छ नै लोकतन्त्रमाथि पनि आमजनताको भरोसा रहँदैन, जसले गर्दा लोकतन्त्र पनि नेपाल भूमिबाट सधैंको निम्ति गुम्ने अवस्था आउन सक्छ। संविधानसभाको केही समय म्याद थपियो भने मुलुकले केही थप आर्थिक भार बहन गर्नुपर्छ। नेताहरूले अलिकति आलोचना सहनर्ुपर्छ।

म्याद थपले शान्ति र संविधानको कार्य पूरा गर्न केही अझ थप समय लिन सक्ला तर संविधान नै बनेन भने चाहिँ परिणाम निकै जटिल बन्न जानेछ। किनभने दुइ-चार पटक म्याद थपे पनि संविधान नदिई नेताहरू पछाडि र्फकन नेता र दलहरूको नीतिकताले पनि दिँदैन ।

जनताको दबाब र विदेशी मित्रहरूको दबाब बढ्न सक्छ जसले संविधान दिन नेताहरू बाध्य हुन सक्छन्।

कसैकसैले म्याद थप्नु अवैधानिक भन्दै आएका छन्। संविधान र न्यायिक सर्वोच्चताको आधारमा भन्नुपर्दा म्याद थप गर्नु अवैधानिक होइन किनभने यसअघि म्याद थप भइसकेको मात्र छैन जनताले मौन स्वीकृति दिएर अनुमोदन पनि गरिसकेका छन्।

अर्को कुरा, सम्मानित सर्वोच्च अदालतले पनि आŠनो फैसलामार्फ् म्याद थप गर्न वैधानिक मार्ग देखाइसकेको छ। यसरी उपरोक्त दर्ुइ विकल्पलाई तुलनात्मक रूपमा विश्लेषण गर्दा सबै भन्दा कम नोक्सानी हुने विकल्प म्याद थपिनु नै देखिएको छ। म्याद थपिनु कम नोक्सानीयुक्त विकल्प भए पनि वर्तमानकै रवैयामा म्याद थप गरी हाल्नु भने हुँदैन।

अहिलेकै जस्तो गतिरोध, अस्थिरता तथा दलहरूबीचको विश्वासको संकटमा म्याद थप्नु विगतजस्तै समय खेर फाल्नु मात्र हुनेछ । यसको निम्ति केही साझा सवालमा दलहरू ऐक्यबद्ध हुनर्ुपर्छ। थपिएको म्यादमा जसरी पनि शान्ति र संविधान दिने प्रतिबद्धताको श्वेतपत्र जारी गर्नुपर्छ ।

जसरी दलहरू विगतका उपलब्धि हासिल गर्न ऐक्यबद्ध भएका थिए त्यसै गरी एकजुट हुनर्ुपर्छ। २००७ सालमा एकताबद्ध भएर प्रजातन्त्र स्थापना गरे भने २०४६ सालमा एक भएर परिवर्तन ल्याए। २०६२ मा एकजुट भएर ज्ञानेन्द्रको निरंकुशता समाप्त गरे भने २०६५ जेठ १५ मा एकजुट भएर अधूरा संविधानसभाबाट गणतन्त्र घोषणा गरी राजतन्त्रको समाप्ति गरे।

यस्तै एकताबद्ध भएर अहिले पनि म्याद थपिनर्ुपर्छ। जेठ १४ सम्म मुलुकलाई अनिर्ण्र्ााो बन्दी बनाएर र १२ बजे राति मात्र छलफल गरेर म्याद थपिनु भनेको विगतको अस्थिरताको म्याद थप्नुजस्तै मात्र हुनेमा कुनै सन्देह रहन्न । यर्सथ समयसीमा समाप्त हुनुभन्दा केही अगाडिदेखि नै अन्य कामलाई थाँती राखी उत्तम र कम जोखिमवाला विकल्पको व्याख्या विश्लेषण तथा छलफल चलाउनर्ुपर्छ भने जनताको रायसुझाव लिने कामका लागि पनि तदारुकता अपनाउन सक्नुपर्छ। दर्ुइ हप्ताको समय बाँकी रहँदासम्म पनि नेताहरूले संविधान बनाई छाड्ने झूठो आश्वासन बाँड्नुको साटो यथार्थलाई स्वीकार गरी उत्तम विकल्पको बारेमा निर्धक्क भएर छलफल चलाउन सक्नु बुद्धिमानी हुनेछ ।

समस्यालाई जनतामाझ लगेर उचित विकल्प जनताबाट लिने मार्गमा हिँड्नर्ुपर्छ। शान्ति र संविधानका आधारभूत विषयमा सहमति गरी सक्नर्ुपर्छ। कमसेकम एमाओवादी, काग्रेस, एमाल तथा मधेशवादीेसहित प्रमुख चार शक्तिले आपसमा सहमति गर्न सक्नर्ुपर्छ भने शान्ति प्रक्रियासँग सम्बद्ध लडाकू र हतियारको उचित व्यवस्थापन र सञ्चितीकरणमा साझा कार्यनीति तयार गर्न सक्नुपर्छ। थपिएको समयमा संविधान निर्माण हुने बलियो आधार निम्ति कमसे कम एकीकृत मस्यौदा तयार गरिसक्नुपर्छ।

तोकिएको समयमा शान्ति र संविधान निर्माण कार्य पूरा हुन नदिने प्रमुख कारक तत्त्व के के हुन् - के कारणले कसको कमजोरीले समयमा पूरा भएन संविधान र शान्तिको कार्य - सबै नेताहरु एक ठाउँमा बसेर छलफल गरी पहिचान गर्ने मात्र होइन के प्रबन्ध गर्दा अगामी दिनमा अवरोध सिर्जना हुँदैन भन्ने उपाय पनि निकाल्न सक्नुपर्छ। विदेशी मित्रहरूलाई पनि विश्वासमा लिन सक्नुपर्छ।

• तत्काल संविधानसभाको बैठक बोलाउन माग
• कडा सैनिक आचारसंहिता जारी
• संवैधानिक समिति बैठक जेठ १ गते
• अख्तियारमाथि खनिए सभासद्
• मधेसी दल र एमाले नेता ओलीबीच गोप्य वार्ता
• राजीनामा गर्दिनः प्रधानमन्त्री
• कोइराला-राजदूत भेट
• माओवादी लचकः प्रचण्ड
• गोली लागेर एक जन्तीको मृत्यु
• दलबीच अविश्वासले समस्याः नेम्वाङ
• बसमा बम पड्काउने कारागार चलान
• नेपालीलाई स्वस्थ पार्दै जापानी गुरु
• महायज्ञको सातौं दिन ६० लाख संकलन
• खनाल सरकार विघटनको माग
• आदिवासीको बन्द कायम

'Super Sherpa' completes 21st Everest ascent

A 51-year-old Nepalese climber scaled Mount Everest for the 21st time on Wednesday, extending his own record for the number of successful summits on the world's highest mountain, a spokesman said.

Apa Sherpa reached the peak at 9:15 am (0345 GMT) on Wednesday morning.

"He along with five other climbers had left camp four last night at 10 pm and all of them made it to the top," said Ang Tshering Sherpa, chairman of the expedition company Asian Trekking Private Limited.

The climber, dubbed the "Super Sherpa" for the apparent ease with which he climbs the mountain, dedicated his latest expedition to the impact of climate change on the Himalayas.

His success comes after tragedy earlier this week when 82-year-old former Nepalese foreign minister Shailendra Kumar Upadhyaya died in his attempt to become the oldest person to climb the mountain.

Upadhyaya died on Monday afternoon, hours after arriving at camp one in his bid to raise awareness about the capabilities of elderly people.

The oldest successful climber of Everest is Min Bahadur Sherchan, who scaled the mountain at the age of 76 three years ago.

Around 3,000 people have made it to the top of Everest since Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay became the first to conquer the 8,848-metre (29,028-foot) peak in 1953.

Sherpa is leading the Eco Everest Expedition 2011, which aims to collect four tonnes of rubbish under a "Cash for Trash" programme funded by a private trekking company.

His first expedition to the top of the mountain was more than 20 years ago in 1990.

"If my ascent would promote the cause and help protect the mountain, I am always ready to climb," Sherpa told AFP before his flight to the Everest region.

The summit season on Everest begins in late April and May when a small window between spring and the summer monsoon offers the best conditions for making the ascent.

Latest News Headlines

Dahal dissatisfied with govt proposal to extend CA term

Govt to exchange Libyan Dinar brought by Nepali workers from Libya

Four die as boat capsizes in Nagdaha

Govt forms ministerial committee to hold talks with agitating groups

Mahato warns of strong protest if CA term extended without forging consensus

Karmacharya is new leader of transport entrepreneurs

Diplomatic community vows not to ‘support’ Bandh

Financial pact prepared for Upper Tamakoshi Hydro Project

Adhikari bags Ghan´s Open golf tournament title

NPC tops ‘A’ division league table with 12 pts; MMC third with 10 pts

NC not ready for extension of CA term unless conditions met: Situala

Resettled Bhutanese donate cash to fire victims in camps

34 years of Communist rule ends in neighboring West Bengal state

Govt prepares to introduce fresh wage system

Transparency Int’l asks PM to book tax evaders

House panel endorses Pandey as Nepal's envoy to Saudi Arabia

NEFIN bandh partially affects normal life nationwide

CC meet on Sunday

Inmate commits suicide in Morang district jail

Mahara defends decision to stay transfer of 65 SPs

Govt tables bill for extension of CA term by one more year

LPG association demands immediate action against Sugam Gas for illegally refitting gas cylinders

Chhettri Samaj imposes bandh in far west

JYC tops league table with four consecutive wins

NOC suspends petro supply to two dealers for creating artificial shortage

Taruhat bandh affects life in Dang, few other districts

FNJ condemns torching of Kantipur daily by MJF cadres

PM Khanal returns home; dismisses calls for resignation

Govt forms ministerial committee to hold talks with agitating groups

The government on Friday formed three-member ministerial team headed by Minister without Portfolio Ghanshyam Bhusal to negotiate with different agitating groups. A meeting of the Council of Ministers held in the evening formed the talk team. Peace and Reconstruction Minister Bishwonath Sah and Agriculture minister Hari Narayan Sah are its members. The government formed the negotiating team after a series of shutdown strikes called by different groups continued to paralyse normal life across the country. The Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities (NEFIN) imposed a nationwide bandh today, demanding guarantee of the rights of indigenous communities in the upcoming constitution. A number of other groups including Chhettri Samaj Nepal and Tharu Kalyankarini Sabha have organised bandhs over the past few days.nepalnews.com

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Students

Students of Kodar Higher Secondary School pose in the traditional attire during a programme organised to mark the golden jubilee celebration of the school in Kodari, Sindhupalchowk district on Tuesday.

Nepali Models

Chinese twins born in single body with 2 heads

BEIJING, MAY 10 - A hospital in southwestern China says conjoined twin baby girls with a single body and two heads have been born at its facility.
A staffer surnamed Wang at Suining City Central Hospital in Sichuan province says the girls were born Thursday.
Wang said Tuesday that the parents, who are farmers, did not want to have the babies at first, fearing they could not afford to keep them alive. She said they transferred the twins to a hospital in the nearby metropolis of Chongqing to be examined by experts.
According to the local Huaxi Metropolis Daily, the twins weighed 9 pounds (4 kilograms) and measured 20 inches (51 centimeters). They have two spines, two esophaguses and share other organs. Doctors were quoted as saying it would be nearly impossible to separate them.

namaste

Nepal is very nice country. 14 zone and 75 district available in Nepal. many Hotels, Temples, Himals etc. Are you Interested in traveling to Nepal to trek, sleep, raft, bike, safari, meditate, shop, eat, be entertained, do business, or even search for the Yeti? We have everything you need to know or the agents who do. Also, find out more information about Bhutan and Tibet...

Understanding Structured Settlements

Have you brought a lawsuit against a company or an individual that you claim caused you permanent harm as a result of their negligence or intentional misconduct? (that’s just a fancy “lawyer” way of saying that you’re hurt and you say it’s their fault). Did you win or settle your lawsuit? If so, then you need to understand the basics about structured settlements, as it may be an important option to consider.

Ordinarily, when you win a judgment or settle your lawsuit the defendant has to pay you the judgment or settlement amount in a lump sum. Let’s say, for example, you have a form of cancer caused by asbestos called asbestosis. You sue the asbestos manufacturer, who agrees to settle out of court for a million dollars (don’t get excited or disappointed; this is just an imaginary amount for example purposes). You get a check for a million dollars, right?

That’s one option, but a structured settlement might make more sense depending on your circumstances. A structured settlement pays you in installments over time instead of a single lump sum.

Installment payments can be structured in a number of ways to suit your needs and to protect you from inflation. They can range from a simple yearly payment to complex arrangements consisting of an initial lump sum payment, monthly indexed installments, deferred payments, and special provisions relating to the future care or death of the insured.

Typically, the defendant would purchase an annuity (from an annuity or insurance company) for a dollar amount that is paid up front. The annuity provides regularly scheduled income payments as specified by you and your attorney under the terms of the structured settlement.

What are the advantages of a structured settlement? Well, for one thing, you are guaranteed a source in income for life. A second important advantage is tax management: you may be able to substantially reduce the taxes you would have to pay Uncle Sam on any investment income that would otherwise accrue from investment of a lump sum settlement.

Apart from the tax savings, it’s also important to "know thy self" when making a decision about structured settlements. Are you the kind of person who would head to Vegas, do a little world travel, buy lots of toys, and basically blow your money until you have nothing left of your million dollars in a year or two? If so, a structured settlement might be the way to go.

There are some negatives, however, that you need to be aware of. First, once you agree to it, you are stuck with the terms of the structured settlement. You cannot change it at some later date. Hence, it’s very important to be represented by a good attorney and tax advisor who will help negotiate structured settlement terms that meet your needs, such as protection from rising inflation. If you don’t expect to live very long, on the other hand, you may want a settlement that guarantees a minimum payment even if you die before the guarantee period expires. This can protect your family or beneficiaries from being left without financial resources.

Contrary to the suspicions of some uniformed plaintiffs, structured settlements are not intended to and do not (assuming you are represented by a decent lawyer) re-assess or change your award. They are simply a device to allow for payment of your judgment or settlement over time, or on an installment basis. They are flexible and can be structured to meet many needs and life circumstances.

People who receive structured settlement payments however may decide at some point during the life of the settlement that they need more money in the short term rather than periodic payments over time. In this case, some people opt for a structured settlement factoring transaction. With this type of transaction the structured settlement recipient can sell (or encumber) all or part of their future periodic payments for a present lump sum.

While a structured settlement is not appropriate for everyone, they can be very useful, depending on your needs. Your attorney can help you evaluate whether they are suitable for you. Some additional links with more information about structured settlements are included at the bottom of this page.

This article is intended to provide general information only, not legal advice. Please consult an attorney for advice in connection with structured settlements or any of the issues addressed in this article.

Structured Settlements - What are they?

Many people have been compensated for injuries sustained in an accident Until 1982, such compensation was usually accomplished by payment in a lump sum. A change in Federal law that year created what are now known as structured settlements, an alternative to lump-sum payments where the injured party receives monthly or annual payments over a period of time. A structured settlement can offers several advantages over a one-time, lump sum payout. With a structured settlement, the security of long-term income is guaranteed. If the victim is confined to a wheel chair or needs constant bed rest and nursing attention, a structured settlement can make certain that sufficient funds will be in hand to pay for the care. This allows the patient and/or their family to concentrate on health care without having to be overly concerned with the machinations of investing a lump-sum payment. Structured Settlements allow income to be spread over time, which is safer than a lump sum payment. Studies have shown that some 30% of those who receive lump-sum payments as compensation for accident or injury spend the money within two months, and some 90% have spent the money within five years. A lump-sum payout must be invested and administered. Unless the victim or their family has experience investing large amounts of money, they will have to hire a financial advisor to handle the sum. Any returns on the invested money are taxable, and there is always the risk of handing the investment to the wrong person and having the money simply disappear due to theft or mismanagement.

	A structured settlement can prevent this. The income from a structured settlement is tax-free, both at the Federal and state levels. Because the money is handed out in smaller increments, there is less need for a financial advisor. And with no financial advisor, there is less of a chance of theft or loss of the funds, which would leave the victim without financial aid or income. Structured settlements are often ideal under the following circumstances: Guardianship cases where the victim dies and leaves minor children. A structured settlement can insure that funds are available for food, housing and education for the surviving family members. Workers compensation cases where the injured party is unable to work for a protracted length of time. A structure will allow steady income to insure that the victim and their family will continue to have steady income. Disabilities of a temporary or permanent nature that require extensive health care or recovery time. The party that pays in an accident or injury case can benefit from payments over time, as they can set up an annuity to pay the funds over time. The funds are invested with the payments coming out of the proceeds. It’s “hands off” for the paying party, and they typically pay out a smaller amount of money in present dollars than if they paid in a lump sum. There are many things to consider if you are in a position to receive a large amount of compensation for injury or accident. One of the options may involve payments over time. Before you act, you should learn as much as you can about structures in order to determine if such an agreement is right for you. As always, should you find yourself in such a situation, you should consult with a financial advisor and/or a competent attorney. The last thing you want to do is deal with a crisis without adequate help.

The Structured Settlement

What Is a Structured Settlement?

Sometimes when a plaintiff settles a case for a large sum of money, the defendant, the plaintiff's attorney, or a financial planner consulted in association with the settlement, will propose paying the settlement in installments over time rather than in a single lump sum. When a settlement is paid in this manner it is called a "structured settlement". Often the structured settlement will be created through the purchase of one or more annuities, which guarantee the future payments.

A structured settlement can provide for payment in pretty much any schedule the parties choose. For example, the settlement may be paid in annual installments over a number of years, or it may be paid in periodic lump sums every few years.

Benefits of a Structured Settlement

One significant advantage of a structured settlement is tax avoidance. With appropriate set-up, a structured settlement may significantly reduce the plaintiff's tax obligations as a result of the settlement, and may in some cases be tax-free.

A structured settlement can protect a plaintiff from having settlement funds dissipated, when they are necessary to pay for future care or needs. Sometimes a structured settlement can help protect a plaintiff from himself - some people simply aren't good with money, or can't say no to relatives who want to "share the wealth", and even a large settlement can be rapidly exhausted. Minors may benefit from a structured settlement as well, such as a settlement which provides for certain costs during their youth, an additional disbursement to pay for college or other educational expenses, and then one or more disbursements in adulthood. An injured person who has long-term special needs may benefit from having periodic lump sums with which to purchase medical equipment or modified vehicles.

In some situations, it will be better for a severely disabled plaintiff to set up a special needs trust, rather than entering into a lump sum or structured settlement. Any plaintiff who is receiving, or expects to receive, Medicaid or other public assistance, or the guardian or conservator entering into a settlement on behalf of a disabled ward, should consult with a disabilities financial planner about their situation before choosing any particular settlement option or structure.

Potential Disadvantages of Structured Settlements

Some people who enter into structured settlements feel trapped by the periodic payments. They may wish to purchase a new home, or other expensive item, yet be unable to muster the resources because they can't borrow against future payments under their settlement.

Some people will do better by accepting a lump sum settlement, and investing it themselves. Many standard investments will give a greater long-term return than the annuities used in structured settlements.

Selling a Structured Settlement

If you have a structured settlement, you may have been approached by a company interested in purchasing your settlement, or may be curious about selling your settlement in return for a lump sum buyout. About two thirds of states have enacted laws which restict the sale of structured settlements, and tax-free structured settlements are also subject to federal restrictions on their sale to a third party. Also, some insurance companies will not assign or transfer annuities to third parties, to discourage the sale of structured settlements. As a consequence, depending upon where you live and the terms of your annuities, it may not be possible for you to sell your settlement.

Keep in mind that companies which buy structured settlements intend to profit from their purchase, and sometimes their offers may seem quite low. You may benefit from approaching more than one company in relation to the sale of your settlement, to make sure that you obtain the highest payoff. You also want to be sure that the company which wants to buy your settlement is established, well-funded, and reputable - you don't want a fly-by-night outfit to obtain the rights to your annuities but to disappear or go bankrupt before paying you the buyout money. You may have to go to court to get a judge to approve the buyout. It is usually a good idea to consult with a lawyer before entering into an agreement to sell your settlement.

Special Considerations

Any person entering into a structured settlement should be on guard for potential exploitation in relation to the settlement:

Excessive Commissions - Annuities can be highly profitable for insurance companies, and they often carry very large commissions. It is important to ensure that the commissions charged in setting up a structured settlement don't consume an inappropriate percentage of its principal.

Overstated Value - Sometimes, after negotiating a particular settlement figure, the defense will overstate the value of a structured settlement. As a result the plaintiff, in accepting the settlement, in fact obtains a significantly lower dollar value than was agreed upon. Some defendants have nominally paid the full amount of the settlement, knowing that they would later obtain significant rebates from the annuity companies they used. Plaintiffs should consider compariing the fees and commissions charged for similar settlement packages by a variety of insurance companies, to make sure that they are in fact getting full value. A plaintiff may wish to make it a condition of the settlement that the defendant will actually pay the full value of the settlement in setting up the structured settlement, and that any rebates received by the defendant for annuities included in the settlement be payable to the plaintiff.

Self-Dealing - There have been cases where the plaintiff's lawyer is also in the insurance business, and sets up a structured settlement on behalf of a client without disclosing that the attorney is purchasing the annuities from his own business, or is pocketing a large commission on the annuities. Similarly, there have been situations where the plaintiff's attorney has referred the client to a particular financial planner to set up a structured settlement, without disclosing that the financial planner will be paying the attorney a referral fee in relation to the client's account. Make sure that you know what financial interest, if any, your lawyer has in relation to any financial services sold or recommended by the lawyer.

Life Expectancy - It is unfortunate, but many people who receive large personal injury or workers' compensation settlements will have a shortened life expectancy as a result of their injuries. It is important to consider life expectancy in association with any structured settlement, and to consider whether it is appropriate to enter into an annuity where payments will cease upon death. Sometimes it will make sense to insist upon an annuity that pays a minimum number of payments, or one that will pay a balance into the plaintiff's estate, such that the value of the settlement is not lost to an insurance company upon the plaintiff's untimely death.

Using Multiple Insurance Companies - For larger settlements, it often makes sense to purchase annuities for a structured settlement from several different companies, dividing the settlement between those companies. This can provide you with protection in the event that a company that issued annuities for your settlement package goes into bankruptcy - even in the event that one of the companies defaults in part or in full on your settlement payments, you would still receive full payment from the other companies.

Introducing Nepal

Draped along the greatest heights of the Himalaya, Nepal is where the ice-cold of the mountains meets the steamy heat of the Indian plains. It's a land of yaks and yetis, stupas and Sherpas and some of the best trekking on earth. The Himalaya's most sophisticated urban cultures took shape here, in the three great minikingdoms of the Kathmandu Valley - Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur - home to a world-class artistic and architectural heritage. Behind the Vishnu shrine of Ichangu Narayan, northwest of Swayambhunath in the Kathmandu Valley, rises the 'Abode of Snows' (Himalaya in Sanskrit), a magnet for trekkers and mountaineers the world over. Only in Nepal can you trek for weeks without the need even for a tent. No longer does your name have to be Tenzing or Hillary to set foot in Everest Base Camp. Out of the mountains, get your adrenaline kick from world-class white-water rafting, kayaking and mountain biking, or from the spine-tingling sight of your first tiger or rhino in Chitwan National Park.
Nepal is not just a bungee-jumping, apple-pie eating Shangri-la. It's also one of the poorest countries on earth. However, many visitors, drawn to Nepal by the promise of adventure, leave equally enchanted by the friendliness and openness of the Nepali people.

Nepal Travel

Travel in Nepal is generally quite easy. You can usually get around on foot, by car or by bus. Motorbike is also quite popular. There are hotels in every region, as well as great car rental companies which give you the means to drive yourself around the country. There are also a few domestic flights which may come in handy if you are planning to go to a specific region in Nepal, otherwise most people opt to hire a vehicle. Much of the initial attraction of Nepal comes from the fact that so many of us do not know as much about this mountainous country as we do about even more inaccessible places. Kathmandu is on the air map, and is actually relatively easy to reach from any part of the world. This capital city is conveniently small by metropolitan standards, and every adventure tourism venture can begin within just an hour of landing in the midst of the splendid foothills of the Himalayas. This does not mean that there are few things to see and to do in and around Kathmandu, but most people are so eager to get amidst the verdant countryside that the usual sightseeing and shopping is best left for the end of your stay.
Nepal is so blessed with gurgling rivers, luxuriant forests and pristine wildlife that it can easily accommodate entire lifetimes of adventure tourism! However, a trek to the Base Camp of Mount Everest comes with a host of such tempting attractions, that it is a clear winner by miles for anyone with just one Nepal visit in mind. The spectacular views of the legendary mountain, the sense of achievement of living in the hallowed grounds which have hosted so many record setting expeditions and the heavenly scenery, are all ingredients of a top adventure tourism foray. However, it is the friendly, though hardy, mountain folk who live all along the trek path, who make the most indelible impressions on every trekker.
Adventure tourism is never for couch potatoes, but even those who pride themselves on peak fitness levels should prepare for the rigors of high altitude trekking, which a visit to the Everest Base Camp involves. It is best to pick a reliable tour operator, because their check lists and experience make for a trouble free and most enjoyable vacation.
Hotels
No matter how long you plan to stay in Nepal, you will likely appreciate a great bed and great service. There are a number of Hotels – big and small – as well as other sorts of accommodation which offer great service and clean facilities. While some cater to the rich, others offer budget accommodation so you will be able to find just what you need. You can choose from a luxury five star hotel, a small hotel, a bed and breakfast or a guest house. Due to the low value of local currency, most accommodation is easily affordable and the staff are exceptionally helpful and friendly.
Car Rental
Most visitors to Nepal choose to hire their transport as it is one of the easiest ways to get around. The roads are not all in good condition so it would be wisest to choose a car that can handle less than perfect terrain. Most major car rental agencies have a branch here though some have a better range and better prices than others.

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Computer Fundamentals & Programming

Computer Fundamentals

1. Introduction To Computer System
1.1. Introduction
Computer is most important device for this era. The computer technology has almost changed the world in short times. It becomes very essential tool in every walk of human life. The word computer is developed from the Latin word ‘coputare’ which means “To calculate or to compute”. Roughly we can say the machine which calculates is called a computer; but it is incomplete, In fact a computer is a programmable electronic calculating machine. It received data through it input devices, process it and produce output as our requirement with in a second. With help of computer technology a person can communicate to other people from one place to another place of the world through telephone, telex, fax, e-mail etc within a minute. A computer accepts data from an input device and processes it into useful information which it displays on its output device. It operates under the control of a set of instructions that is stored in its memory unit.
Definition of computer
A computer is an electronic device that accepts data; process it according to a set command and then gives results. In other words a computer is an electronic machine that is used for data processing to produce information. With viewpoints of this definition computer is said to be
Electronic calculating machine, Programmable machine, Data processing device, Networking device, Automatic system etc...
The computer has following basic system and components devices to process data and gets the output. It has optional components too.
A) System device
i) Input device - keyboard, mouse
ii) Processing device – Central Processing Unit (CPU)
iii) Output device – Monitor and Printer
CPU Consists motherboard, hard disk, floppy disk drive, sound card, power supply, modem, etc.

B) Basic and optional component device

(i)
Basic Components
Capacity & functions

1
Processor
- 600 MHz, 1200 MHz, 1700 MHz

2.
Hard Disk
- 40 GB, 100 GB, 160 GB, 200 GB, 2000 GB

3
RAM
- 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB, 1GB, 2GB

4
Display /Video Card
- 64 MB, 128MB, 512 MB, 1 GB

5
Keyboard
- 84 keys , 104 Keys, 124 Keys

6.
Hard disk drive
- reads, writes on HD

7
Floppy disk drive
- reads, writes on floppy

8
CD-ROM/DVD drive
- reads, writes on CD-ROM, DVD-ROM

9
Mouse
- pointing & clicking device

10
Monitor
- Displaying device



A complete basic components set of these devices is called a computer. Computer may have optional devices too.

ii)
Optional Components
Capacity & functions

1
Printer
450ch/sec, 1-18 Pg/min, 4-24 Pg/min

2
Scanner
Flat bed type & Handheld type

3
DVD drive
Reads/writes on DVD

4.
Zip drive
Reads/writes on Zip disk